Tilapia Bottom Feeder

Ampalaya Production Guide Pinoy Bisnes Ideas. Bitter gourd, which is known in the Philippines as ampalaya, is an annual plant that is native in this country. It is botanically known as Momordica charantia L. It can be grown anytime of the year for its edible shoots and fruits and offers a good supply of vitamins and minerals.

Image: a) Sta. Rita b) Jade star andc) Native bitter gourd. Photos from East- West Seed Company.)The fruit contains the hypo- glycemic principle charantin, which is used to treat diabetes. Bitter gourd is profitable when grown in small or large scale either in lowland or upland rice- based areas.

Site Selection. Bitter gourd grows in well drained soil. However, the best soil texture for the crop is either sandy loam or clay loam with p. H ranging from of 6. Growing Season. Although the crop can be grown throughout the year, the most profitable growing seasons are from October to December and from May to July because most of the areas are being planted to rice during these periods. Chicken Noodle Soup With Potatoes on this page. Only the “tumana” or the fertile hilly- upland areas are being planted with bitter gourd, hence, production is limited.

Plant the crop once every two years in the same area. Since bitter gourd is a heavy consumer of nutrients, the soil is depleted on the second year and thus needs soil amendments. Recommended Varieties.

Asian Agribiz Southeast Asia Layer Feed Quality Conference 2017, Jakarta, Indonesia Delegates have much to take home [17 October 2017] Seven speakers yesterday. A bottom feeder is an aquatic animal that feeds on or near the bottom of a body of water. The body of water could be the ocean, a lake, a river, or an aquarium. Bitter gourd, which is known in the Philippines as ampalaya, is an annual plant that is native in this country. It is botanically known as Momordica charantia L.

The recommended varieties of bitter gourd are: the Sta Rita Strain with fruit length of 2. Jade Star and the Native with fruit length of 1. Sta Rita Strain and Jade Star are preferred by Bulakeños and Pampangeños in cooking ginisa and sautéed recipes, while the Ilocanos preferred the native variety in cooking pinakbet because it easily shrinks when cooked as pinakbet, and the bitter taste is neutralized by equal proportion of tomato and fish sauce. Fruits of Sta Rita Strain have thicker flesh and don’t easily shrink when cooked as pinakbet.

Land Preparation. Plow and harrow the field twice. After the second harrowing, construct trellis at a distance of 2. Fix one layer of GI wire no. Fix two layers of GI wire # 1.

Fix a layer of plastic string on top of the trellis foundation at 2. Crop Establishment. Break the seed coat lightly and soak the seeds in water for 2.

Incubate for 2. 4- 4. On the first day, plant the seeds with uniform germination to have a uniform stand of plant in the field. Plant the second flush on the second day then throw all the slow germinating seeds since these are suspected to be infected with barako or other viral diseases. Incorporate organic fertilizer at the rate of 5.

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Plant one germinated seed per hill at a depth of 2 cm and spaced at 5. Nutrient Management. Bitter gourd responds well to soil rich in organic matter and inorganic nutrients. For soils without soil analysis, the recommendation in Table 2 must be followed. The organic fertilizer must be broadcasted before plowing or at final harrowing.

Bitter gourd is a heavy consumer of fertilizer. If the recommended frequency of application at 2. DAE will show yellowish leaves after 2 weeks, adjust the application to 2- 3 times/month or every 1. Table 2. Fertilizer requirement for ampalaya production.

Kind of Fertilizer. Rate of Applicationper 1. Time of Application. Method of Application.

Organic Fertilizer. At furrowing. Basal. At planting. Basal(1 tbsp/hill)Ammonium sulfate mixed. At 2. 8 DAESidedress+ 1.

Ammonium sulfate. At 5. 6 DAESidedress+ 1. Ammonium sulfate. At 9. 0 DAESidedress+ 1.

Ammonium sulfate. At 1. 20. DAESidedress+ 1. Foliar. 1 LAt 1. 27 DAE and even 7 days.

Foliar spray. 10 tbsp/1. LSource: Gajete, T. D. 2. 00. 4Water Management.

Bitter gourd is a flood- tolerant crop. It can withstand water logging for 4. In dry season, irrigate the field by flooding at 1.

DAE and repeat irrigation every seven days throughout the growing season in October to December and as the need arises for May to July planting. For leaf or shoot production, irrigate twice a week for faster shoot development, and to minimize the bitter taste of shoots and fruits. Pest Management. The advent of pests and diseases of bitter gourd depends on the season, weather condition and the cropping pattern in the surrounding areas. During wet season, aphids, fruit fly, leaf footed bug and leaf folder are destructive. During the dry season additional pests such as leafhoppers, thrips, white flies and leaf worms are equally destructive. Damping- off, bacterial blight and Barako are common diseases of bitter gourd during wet and dry seasons. It is regarded as nutritional deficiency by some soil scientists since it responds to fertilizer application.

However, pathologists claim that Barako is caused by a mycoplasma – like organism because of the abnormal development of leaves, shoots and tendrils. Farmers under the palayamanan scheme can try the suggested management in Table 3.

In cases of insect pests and diseases outbreaks, integrate chemical control measures presented in Table 4 to reduce the insect pests population. Insect Pests 1. Aphids Aphids gossipii is a sucking insect pest of bitter gourd and other cucurbits. It lays eggs even in the absence of male.

It multiplies rapidly during wet warm condition of the environment either on wet or dry seasons. They also secrete toxicogenic substances that cause curling, resetting of leaves or dwarfing of the vines. Sometimes they are vectors of viral diseases of crops. Fruit fly Dacus cucurbitae (Coquillet) or Dacus cucumis Franch is the most destructive insect pest of cucumber and other cucurbits.

The adult lays eggs on the female flowers and fruits. After hatching, the maggots enter into the growing fruit and feed inside.

Damaged fruit becomes deformed and later turns yellowish with rotten flesh as a result of the feeding activities of the maggots. Leaf footed bugs (Leptolossus sp.) The adult hind legs are flattened like a leaf at the posterior part hence the name leaf – footed bug. The bug color ranges from brownish with marking. The nymphs and adults are destructive to bitter gourd by sucking the leaves and fruits. Damage fruits at early stage usually deformed. The bug emits unpleasant odor when disturbed.

Leaf folder Diahania indica (Saunders) The moth lays eggs singly at the undersurface of the leaf. Larva at 4th to 5th instars damage the crop by folding the leaf of the plant using thread – like web. The destructive larva is greenish with two white stripes at the back. Damaged leaves become brownish with web bed and tapering edge.

Small freshwater fish species (SFFs) culture: issues from nutrient security, carp- SFF integration and feeding ecology. In modern Aquaculture, much research attentions have been put on quantity and quality improvement of Indian Major carps (IMCs), which include the rearing of their fingerlings, culturing large fish or prawns, agriculture- integrated activities involving aquatic plants and animals, rice- fish, cage culture, netting, fingerling trade, fish trade and marketing etc. Kawarazuka 2. 01.

Carp—based modern genetic technologies to improve quality and quantity of produce in aquaculture industry are inter- carp crossbreeding to yield more quality offspring than the parental progeny (Bakos and Gorda 1. Hulata 2. 00. 1), chromosome and sex manipulation (Benfey 1. Piferrer 2. 00. 1), and transgenesis (Devlin et al. Sin et al. 2. 00. Efforts are on to enhance production performance of the IMCs in polyculture system through different fertilizer and feed formulations facilitating their feeding habits (Sahu et al.

Periphyton based polyculture has disclosed another advancement in carp culture in ponds (Azim et al. Wahab et al. 2. 00. Keshavanath et al. Saikia and Das 2. Thus, extensive and continuous efforts have been paid to artificial breeding, stocking and quality enhancement research of carps. However, SFFs have hardly given enough attention with any of such goals. In spite of high micronutrient availability in comparison to carps (Fig. 1), these are often regarded as ‘trash or weed’ fish in all carp culture systems (Roos et al.

Another serious threat for SFFs is frequent and indiscriminate use of harmful pesticides with excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural lands that pollute smaller water- bodies and wetlands rendering natural habitat of SFFs. A study in India showed that more than 9. Kole et al. 2. 00. SFFs suffer mainly as non- target organisms from pesticide- runoffs. Though detailed studies are largely lacking on responses of SFFs to pesticides toxicity, most of the pesticides and herbicides are toxic to SFFs and may influence their chances of survival and other biological activities. The indigenous larvivorous fishes from rice fields in India were found to reduce on exposure to sub- lethal concentrations of two widely used foliar organophosphates Hestathion and Kitazin (Ravindran et al.

Similarly, sub- lethal concentrations of Cypermethrin affect chromatophores of Channa punctatus (Kapil et al. In addition, local indiscriminate community fishing on natural stock of SFFs for their high demand in rural and suburban markets is further exerting pressures on SFFs stock. For example, in India, extensive unorganized natural collection of fishes for aquarium trade from Western Ghat (a biodiversity hotspot) has threatened more than hundred endemic and indigenous small fishes (Raghavan 2. One of such SFFs, the Puntius denisoni has been assigned endangered status in IUCN Freshwater Biodiversity Assessment (Ali et al.

P. denisoni is a beautiful aquarium fish and popularly known as beauty queen of Kerala, a southern state in India to which the fish belongs. Introduction of non- native fish is another major threat to SFFs.

For last 3. 0 years, 3. Gozlan et al. 2. 01. Although direct evidences are unavailable on impact of non- native fishes on SFFs, Clavero and García- Berthou (2. Iberian Peninsular.

In his review, Leunda (2. Iberian Peninsular is threatened by increasing number of non- native fishes. Other anthropogenic factors threatening SFFs stock include reduction of their breeding grounds due to siltation in big rivers, water- bodies, floodplains and other wetlands, human encroachments to wetlands etc. Thus SFFs have surfaced gradually as a serious issue from conservational point of view. In spite of huge potentialities for socio- economic and eco- friendly management, issues of SFFs have not received wider attention, both regionally as well as globally.

Fig. 1. Nutrient availability in SFFs in comparison to some large fishes. Vitamin A (data from Thilsted et al. Thilsted et al. 1.

Iron (data from Roos et al.